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The Carley C.12 was a small Dutch single seat sporting monoplane from the 1920s. There were several developments but only small numbers were produced. ==Design and development== Like his earlier Carley S.1, Joop Carley's C.12 was a compact single seat monoplane with a shoulder wing. It differed by being much lighter and all of the several engines fitted were much less powerful than the S.1's 37 kW (50 hp) Gnôme.〔 The wing of the C.12 was a cantilever, thick aerofoil section, low aspect ratio structure built around two wooden box spars, covered with three-ply ahead of the forward spar and fabric behind.〔 The C.12's fuselage was constructed around three wooden longerons and 3-ply bulkheads, giving it a triangular cross section and entirely plywood covered. The cockpit, within a circular cut-out in the wing, placed the pilot high between the wing spars giving him a good forward view. There were sizeable cut-outs in the wing trailing edge to improve his rearward view downward. The empennage was conventional, the one piece elevator having a cut-out for rudder movement. The fixed, conventional undercarriage was of the divided axle type, the axle enclosed within a wooden aerofoil fairing and hinged on the central lower longeron, with its wheels and extremities on rubber sprung V-form struts to the wing roots at the upper longerons. The small, coil sprung tail skid steered with the rudder.〔 For its first flight on 18 June 1923 at Waalhaven the C.12 had an 1,180 L (73 cu in) engine from a two-cylinder Indian Chief motorcycle, producing about 7.5 kW (10 hp); this was not satisfactory and was replaced by a slightly more powerful, four cylinder Sergant air-cooled engine, which in turn proved unreliable. Despite these problems Vliegtuig Industrie Holland (VIH), in English Aircraft Industry Holland, took an interest in what had become known as the "flying bicycle" and funded Carley, who had set up Carley's Aeroplanes Co. for the purpose, to fit an Anzani inverted Y-type air-cooled engine which produced about 15 kW (20 hp), mounted in the nose on a steel ring and driving a two blade propeller.〔 At this point the aircraft was redesignated as the C.12a and later a headrest, faired aft into the fuselage, was added.〔 The cost of the refurbishment of the C.12 was much higher than Carley had indicated to VIH and in the Spring of 1924 he was pressed into leaving VIH and liquidating Carley's Aeroplanes.〔 VIH then acquired its assets, including the C.12a which remained on the Dutch register until February 1925. They also produced a developed version called the Holland H.2, engineered by Theo Kock, one of the original designers, with H. Van der Kwast, Carley's Aeroplanes' old manager. The most obvious change was to the shape of the fuselage which was now rounded rather than triangular and much less deep at the nose, where the Anzani engine was retained. The fin was also reshaped into a circular quadrant. It first flew on 11 July 1924.〔 The final version followed the insolvency of VIH during 1924 and its acquisition by H. Pander, previously the owner of a furniture factory, who then set up Nederlandse Fabriek van Vliegtuigen H. Pander & Zonen (Dutch Aircraft Factory H. Pander & Son). The first flight of the H.2 redesign, called the Pander D, was on 16 November 1924. It had the same tail and engine as the Holland H.2 but the wing plan was altered to have more taper and rounded tips, as well as a greater span. Its weight was slightly up and the maximum speed reduced by about 25%.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Carley C.12」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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